Understanding Haiku - A Beginner's Guide Part III
Classic Haiku
Haiku are short, brilliantly vivid poems containing visually complete descriptions of moments in a poet’s experience. In the space of their original 17 Japanese syllables, haiku express worlds of profound emotion and philosophical insight. Simple on the surface, yet fascinatingly complex on close study, Haiku have universal appeal and the number of languages into which they have been translated testify to this.
Much, though not all, early Japanese poetry was written by nobility, and despite the strict conventions of behaviors imposed on courtiers of the 8th to the 11th centuries, much of their poetry still radiates inspiration and sparkle today.
Nature images, such as cherry blossom, in early Japanese poetry became one of the most characteristic features of the canon. In other poems such as this by the 8th centaury poet Takechi no Kurohito, a note of melancholy suffuses the poet’s vivid perception, and the snapshot of natural beauty is modulated by the suggestion of human activity, a technique often used by Haiku poets many centuries later.
Travelling and lonely, I see beneath a hill
A boat painted with red clay rowing to the other side.
- Kurohito
Writers of the medieval period in Japan, from roughly the 8th to the 13th centuries, produced an enormous literature of love poetry. Most of the poems in Lady Murasaki’s prose classic “The tale of Genji” were short verses of longing, sadness or reminiscence exchanged between friends of lovers. The following verse traded between Prince Genji and the Japanese Empress at the death-bed of Genji’s wife are characteristic. His poem comes first; hers answers:
In the haste we make to leave this world of dew
May there be no time between the first and last.
- Genji
A world of dew before the autumn winds,
Not only theirs, these fragile leaves of grass
-Empress
The inherent sadness in life’s transient incompleteness is a theme that would preoccupy the great Haiku Poets.
A knowledge of classical poetic tradition represented in the 8th century anthology Man’yoshu and the 10th century Kokinshu was indispensable to later poets writing haiku.
The term Waka – a word meaning “Japanese poem” came into use in the 9th century, to minimize the confusion with Chinese Poetry being read and written by educated Japanese people at a time during the T’ang Dynasty when Chinese arts threatened to become overly influential in Japan. It was during this period that Japanese imperial diplomatic and economic ties with China were broken, and consequently Japanese writers were encouraged to pursue more local traditions and genres. Japanese people had been composing Waka for ceremonial occasions long before the advent of a literary culture, and even when writing becomes an established means of discourse, the recitation of Waka remained a public art and means of private communication.
The short form of Waka, later become known as Tanka, which grew to be the most popular poetic vehicle and Haiku developed from it.
The Kokinshu – whose ‘thousands of leaves’ represents the oldest poetic tradition in Japan. It was compiled around 920CE, where the poems are organized according to theme, divided into sections devoted to love and the four seasons. This ordering of topics became prescriptive and for many centuries determined the subjects that were deemed acceptable for study by the professional poets who made a living giving instruction in Haiku writing: the Haiku Masters.
Haiku Rules:
While some Haiku poets claimed a degree of personal freedom, most obeyed decreed compositional rules. First the Haiku consisted of 17 syllables, made of three phrases of five, seven and five syllables. Within this format, the Haiku was generally divided also into two parts standing in contrast or reversal to each other.
A poem might start with a traditional image such as cherry blossom, full moon or dew and then re-focus to a lower perhaps clashing image. A seasonal word (Kigo) was another prescriptive component of Haiku. Other rules underlined the subtler aspects of Haiku. If classical correctness could be ‘lowered’ to let in descriptions of ordinary life, it was, said Basho, important to ‘correct’ the ordinary, imbuing it with poetic exaltation (Fuga). In turn Fuga has to be used to express important ideas: the spiritual wealth within modest and simple things (Wabi); beauty, mystery and elegance (Yugen) as in the example below
Stillness and solitude –
Sinking into stones,
The trill of cicadas
- Basho
And melancholy sadness and tranquility (Sabi and Shori)
On a withered branch
A crow has settled.
Nightfall in autumn.
- Basho
Or in the spirit of poetic madness (Fukyo)
Let me show you,
You market people,
This hat filled with snow.
- Basho
And sometimes in shockingly comic ‘lightness’ (Karumi)
A bush warbler
Leaves its droppings on the rice cake
At the edge of the verandah.
-Basho
Emphasizing the shift in tone, a cutting word (Kireji) usually sits at the end of one of the phrases. The cutting word was often a semantically meaningless sentence-ending particle such as kana, ka, ya, heri or ran. Such word sounds did not themselves contribute meaning but acted both to divide the poem into two rhythmic halves and to set up a contrast between the two poem’s parts. A seasonal word Kigo was another prescriptive component of Haiku. Early classical literature contained a huge vocabulary of words that implied not only a season but an emotion appropriate to it. Spring, with its mood of optimism, was implied by cherry blossom and certain birds. The bright but often fatiguing summer was often suggested by flower and tree words. Autumn melancholy was expressed by ‘lonely’ images, such as a full moon, wind and dying leaves. Cold words like snow alluded to the hard experience of winter. Poets writing in the spirit of haikai added less refined seasonal words: Dandelion, garlic, horseradish and mating cats all connoted spring for example.
Some of the times, Haiku also shows of an acceptance of the life’s impermanence. The most famous Haiku Master Basho’s haiku some times also demonstrates the genuine Buddhist enlightenment. The following very famous Haiku by the most famous Haiku Master Basho expresses most vividly the truth – the enactment of both, the phenomenon, what is and its passing. In this Haiku, a creature living unconsciously, according to its nature, is shown in the context of the man made artifice of an old garden pond, highlighting the simple bare and eternally ordinary ‘is-ness’ of all existence in the present moment:
Old pond
A frog jumps in,
The sound of water
The Milestones…
After Basho, there have been many great poets who took Haiku to the greater heights …
Buson
The bite of my axe.
Sudden revelation –
There is life in this tree!
As Buson accepts his death quietly in this farewell poem
White plum blossoms,
Night turns to dawn –
The time has come
Kobayashi Issa
Alone among the shady bushes
A girl is singing
A rice planter's song
Masaoka Shiki
A river in summer
There’s a bridge here, but
My horse prefers water
Kaikyo
With useless authority
The great horned owl
Sits moon-eyed in daylight
Etsujin
I envy the tomcat:
How easily he lets go of
Love’s pain and longing
Ranran
The child cries at her breast.
And the mosquito also bites
The sleeping mother
Senna
With ink-stained lips,
The boy leaves his poem
For the cool outdoors
CLASSIC HAIKU WITH MASTERS
Now I am going to leave you with works of some of the famous classic Haiku masters to give you a feel of it over the centauries.
The four poets represented here are the most celebrated and best-loved in the Japanese tradition. Though very different poets, each of thee haiku masters presents us not only with work of outstanding longevity, but with an example of an artist struggling successfully with difficult and often tragic circumstances.
The sublime work of Basho (1644-94) towers above almost everything else. Buson (1716-83), whose genius was expressed in painting as well as poetry, was his more than worthy successor. The deeply humane poet Issa (1762-1826) is perhaps simply the most loved Haiku poet, while the poetry of heroic and tormented Shiki (1867-1902) holds an unassailable place in modern haiku history. Shiki is also remembered as the literary theorist who converted the traditional terms Haikai and Hokku into the new word Haiku, a term suggesting an independent, free-standing 17 syllable Hokku like poem.
Matsuo Basho (1644-94)
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Summer grass
All that remains
Of warriors’ dream
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To a leg of a heron
Adding a long shank
Of a pheasant.
__
Sleep on horseback,
The far moon in a continuing dream,
Steam of roasting tea.
__
A autumn wind
More white
Than the rocks in the rocky mountain.
__
It should have
Stayed green
This bright red pepper!
______________________________
Buson Yosa (1716 ~ 1783)
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A paper kite flies
Just where it was
In yesterday’s sky
__
Peony petals fall
Piling one on another
First two, then three
__
Spring evening.
To the half dying incense
I add it.
__
Short summer night.
A dewdrop
On the back of a hairy caterpillar.
__
Being awake
He says he is already asleep.
Autumn chilly night.
__________________
Kobayashi Issa (1762 -1826)
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This mushroom is
Deadly, and, ofcourse
It’s also very pretty
__
Is that crow tilling
The field or just
Walking around
__
Little snail
Slowly, slowly
Climbs Mount Fuji
__
How beautiful to see
The milky way through
A hole in the window
__
Come on: let’s play
Together, then,
Little motherless sparrow
Shiki Masaoka (1867 ~ 1902)
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Everyone’s gone home
The fireworks are over,
How dark it has become!
__
Again and again
I ask how high the
Snow outside is piled…
__
Thawed out pond.
A shrimp moves
Among old algae.
__
How cool it is!
A small crab, in the rain,
Climbs on a pine.
__
Lotus leaves in the pond
Ride on water.
Rain in June.
__
Hope you have enjoyed this feature and enthused enough to try your own hands at writing Haiku. Feel free to get in touch with me for any further information … I will at some point of time would like to write an article on the History of Haiku … Please follow this blog to be informed about this post in near future.
Text and Image Sources: Tom Lowenstein’s Classic Haiku and Wikipedia
a) The views in the article are mine, where ever not mentioned otherwise. I have tried to give, as far as possible, all the sources of the text and images that I have used in the article, if I have missed out someone or something, let me know. I will amend the same.
b) I don’t claim to be an expert in Haiku (actually I don’t limit myself to the rules of classical Haiku hence I mostly call my writing in this genre as Haiku-T). This article intends to give a general idea about Haiku for the beginners as well as sharing of my thoughts about it. Those who are serious students of Haiku should either check with Haiku Society of America or the local universities.
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ॐ नमः शिवाय
Om Namah Shivaya
Thus Spoke Zarathustra - Nietzsche
Haiku are short, brilliantly vivid poems containing visually complete descriptions of moments in a poet’s experience. In the space of their original 17 Japanese syllables, haiku express worlds of profound emotion and philosophical insight. Simple on the surface, yet fascinatingly complex on close study, Haiku have universal appeal and the number of languages into which they have been translated testify to this.
